West Africa has a long coast and numerous interior waterways where aquatic life and landscape associated with myths, legends, history, and complexity are present in some fishermen and shellfish collector groups. In these groups, the maritime cultural landscape plays a major role in their culture, identity, power relation, and in their interaction with the environment. Certain islands, spaces in the Atlantic Ocean, and aquatic animals such as manatee is sacred. They are shaped within a mystic world that uses rituals and has important social, cultural, and political ramifications. This form of complexity is not well documented in archaeological theories and landscape analysis in West Africa. Besides widening the nature of complexity in West Africa, maritime cultural landscape analysis can be extended to shell middens archeology in Senegambia where archaeological research on hundreds of sites along the coast have focused on the funerary monuments. Hence, we know little about the daily activities and how people (who were fishermen and shellfish collectors) interacted culturally with the sea. This paper uses the fishermen and shellfish collectors of Senegambia as an example to add to the body of knowledge around seascape, power, identity, complexity and water related culture and shell midden archaeology in Senegambia. Keywords: Maritime cultural landscape, seascape, spiritscape, shell midden, complexity, peuple de l’eau, Senegambia.